tools/mtmd/clip-impl.h

#pragma once

#include "ggml.h"
#include "gguf.h"
#include "clip.h"

#include <array>
#include <climits>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cinttypes>
#include <string>
#include <map>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>
#include <fstream>

#ifdef _WIN32
#ifndef NOMINMAX
#define NOMINMAX
#endif
#include <windows.h>
#endif

// Internal header for clip.cpp

#define MTMD_INTERNAL_HEADER

#define KEY_FTYPE               "general.file_type"
#define KEY_NAME                "general.name"
#define KEY_DESCRIPTION         "general.description"
#define KEY_PROJ_TYPE           "clip.projector_type"
#define KEY_HAS_AUDIO_ENC       "clip.has_audio_encoder"
#define KEY_HAS_VISION_ENC      "clip.has_vision_encoder"
#define KEY_HAS_GEN_AUDIO_ENC   "clip.has_gen_audio_encoder"
#define KEY_USE_GELU            "clip.use_gelu"
#define KEY_USE_SILU            "clip.use_silu"

#define KEY_N_EMBD              "clip.%s.embedding_length"
#define KEY_N_FF                "clip.%s.feed_forward_length"
#define KEY_N_BLOCK             "clip.%s.block_count"
#define KEY_PROJ_DIM            "clip.%s.projection_dim"
#define KEY_N_HEAD              "clip.%s.attention.head_count"
#define KEY_N_HEAD_KV           "clip.%s.attention.head_count_kv"
#define KEY_N_EMBD_HEAD         "clip.%s.attention.head_dim"
#define KEY_LAYER_NORM_EPS      "clip.%s.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"
#define KEY_FEATURE_LAYERS      "clip.%s.feature_layer"

// vision-specific
#define KEY_VISION_PROJ_TYPE        "clip.vision.projector_type" // for models with mixed modalities
#define KEY_IMAGE_SIZE              "clip.vision.image_size"
#define KEY_IMAGE_MIN_PIXELS        "clip.vision.image_min_pixels"
#define KEY_IMAGE_MAX_PIXELS        "clip.vision.image_max_pixels"
#define KEY_PREPROC_MIN_TILES       "clip.vision.preproc_min_tiles"
#define KEY_PREPROC_MAX_TILES       "clip.vision.preproc_max_tiles"
#define KEY_PREPROC_IMAGE_SIZE      "clip.vision.preproc_image_size"
#define KEY_PATCH_SIZE              "clip.vision.patch_size"
#define KEY_IMAGE_MEAN              "clip.vision.image_mean"
#define KEY_IMAGE_STD               "clip.vision.image_std"
#define KEY_PROJ_SCALE_FACTOR       "clip.vision.projector.scale_factor"
#define KEY_PROJ_SAMPLE_QUERY_SIDE  "clip.vision.projector.query_side"
#define KEY_PROJ_SAMPLE_WINDOW_SIDE "clip.vision.projector.window_side"
#define KEY_PROJ_SPATIAL_OFFSETS    "clip.vision.projector.spatial_offsets"
#define KEY_SPATIAL_MERGE_SIZE      "clip.vision.spatial_merge_size"

#define KEY_MM_PATCH_MERGE_TYPE    "clip.vision.mm_patch_merge_type"
#define KEY_IMAGE_GRID_PINPOINTS   "clip.vision.image_grid_pinpoints"
#define KEY_WIN_ATTN_PATTERN       "clip.vision.n_wa_pattern"
#define KEY_WIN_ATTN_LAYER_INDEXES "clip.vision.wa_layer_indexes"
#define KEY_WA_PATTERN_MODE        "clip.vision.wa_pattern_mode"
#define KEY_ATTN_WINDOW_SIZE       "clip.vision.window_size"
#define KEY_MINICPMV_VERSION       "clip.minicpmv_version"
#define KEY_MINICPMV_QUERY_NUM     "clip.minicpmv_query_num"
#define KEY_SAM_N_HEAD             "clip.vision.sam.head_count"
#define KEY_SAM_N_BLOCK            "clip.vision.sam.block_count"
#define KEY_SAM_N_EMBD             "clip.vision.sam.embedding_length"
// audio-specific
#define KEY_AUDIO_PROJ_TYPE        "clip.audio.projector_type" // for models with mixed modalities
#define KEY_A_NUM_MEL_BINS         "clip.audio.num_mel_bins"
#define KEY_A_PROJ_STACK_FACTOR    "clip.audio.projector.stack_factor"
#define KEY_A_CHUNK_SIZE           "clip.audio.chunk_size"
#define KEY_A_CONV_KERNEL_SIZE     "clip.audio.conv_kernel_size"
#define KEY_A_MAX_POS_EMB          "clip.audio.max_pos_emb"
#define KEY_A_PROJ_WINDOW_SIZE     "clip.audio.projector.window_size"
#define KEY_A_PROJ_DOWNSAMPLE_RATE "clip.audio.projector.downsample_rate"
#define KEY_A_PROJ_HEAD_COUNT      "clip.audio.projector.head_count"
#define KEY_A_RVQ_NUM_QUANTIZERS   "clip.audio.rvq.num_quantizers"   // mimo-audio-tokenizer
#define KEY_A_RVQ_CODEBOOK_SIZE    "clip.audio.rvq.codebook_size"    // mimo-audio-tokenizer: per-quantizer bin count
#define KEY_A_WA_PATTERN_MODE      "clip.audio.wa_pattern_mode"      // mimo-audio-tokenizer, per-layer -1 (full) / 0 (windowed)
#define KEY_A_ATTN_WINDOW_SIZE     "clip.audio.window_size"          // mimo-audio-tokenizer: sliding-window radius
#define KEY_A_LOCAL_BLOCK_COUNT    "clip.audio.local_block_count"    // mimo-v2.5: input_local_transformer layer count
#define KEY_A_LOCAL_GROUP_SIZE     "clip.audio.local_group_size"     // mimo-v2.5: input_local_transformer grouping size
// audio generation (gen-audio)-specific
#define KEY_GEN_AUDIO_PROJ_TYPE    "clip.gen.audio.projector_type" // for models with mixed modalities
#define KEY_AUDIO_SUBSAMPLING_FACTOR "clip.audio.subsampling_factor"

//
// tensor name constants
//

#define TN_POS_EMBD        "%s.position_embd.weight"
#define TN_CLASS_EMBD      "v.class_embd"
#define TN_PATCH_EMBD      "v.patch_embd.weight"  // not rename tensor with ".0" postfix for backward compat
#define TN_PATCH_EMBD_1    "v.patch_embd.weight.1"
#define TN_PATCH_BIAS      "v.patch_embd.bias"
#define TN_NORM_EMBD       "v.norm_embd.%s"
#define TN_PATCH_NORM      "v.patch_norm.%d.%s"
#define TN_ATTN_QKV        "%s.blk.%d.attn_qkv.%s"
#define TN_ATTN_K          "%s.blk.%d.attn_k.%s"
#define TN_ATTN_Q          "%s.blk.%d.attn_q.%s"
#define TN_ATTN_V          "%s.blk.%d.attn_v.%s"
#define TN_ATTN_OUTPUT     "%s.blk.%d.attn_out.%s"
#define TN_ATTN_SINKS      "%s.blk.%d.attn_sinks"
#define TN_ATTN_K_NORM     "%s.blk.%d.attn_k_norm.%s"
#define TN_ATTN_Q_NORM     "%s.blk.%d.attn_q_norm.%s"
#define TN_FFN_DOWN        "%s.blk.%d.ffn_down.%s"
#define TN_FFN_GATE        "%s.blk.%d.ffn_gate.%s"
#define TN_FFN_UP          "%s.blk.%d.ffn_up.%s"
#define TN_FFN_GATE        "%s.blk.%d.ffn_gate.%s"
#define TN_LN_1            "%s.blk.%d.ln1.%s" // layer norm
#define TN_LN_2            "%s.blk.%d.ln2.%s" // layer norm
#define TN_LS_1            "%s.blk.%d.ls1.%s"         // layer scale
#define TN_LS_2            "%s.blk.%d.ls2.%s"         // layer scale
#define TN_LS_OUT          "%s.blk.%d.out_scale.%s"      // layer out scale (gemma4)
#define TN_ATTN_POST_NORM  "%s.blk.%d.attn_post_norm.%s" // post-attn norm (gemma4)
#define TN_FFN_POST_NORM   "%s.blk.%d.ffn_post_norm.%s"  // post-FFN norm (gemma4)
#define TN_LN_PRE          "%s.pre_ln.%s"
#define TN_LN_POST         "%s.post_ln.%s"
#define TN_LLAVA_PROJ      "mm.%d.%s"
#define TN_MM_UP           "mm.up.%s"
#define TN_MM_GATE         "mm.gate.%s"
#define TN_MM_DOWN         "mm.down.%s"
#define TN_MM_POST_NORM    "mm.post_norm.%s"
#define TN_MVLM_PROJ_MLP   "mm.model.mlp.%d.%s"
#define TN_MVLM_PROJ_BLOCK "mm.model.mb_block.%d.block.%d.%s"
#define TN_MVLM_PROJ_PEG   "mm.model.peg.%d.%s"
#define TN_IMAGE_NEWLINE   "v.image_newline"
#define TN_IMAGE_SEPERATOR "v.view_seperator"
#define TN_MM_INP_NORM     "mm.input_norm.weight"
#define TN_MM_INP_NORM_B   "mm.input_norm.bias"
#define TN_MM_INP_PROJ     "mm.input_projection.weight" // gemma3
#define TN_MM_SOFT_EMB_N   "mm.soft_emb_norm.weight"    // gemma3
#define TN_MM_PROJECTOR    "mm.model.fc.%s"             // idefics3, deepseekocr
#define TN_MM_PATCH_MERGER "mm.patch_merger.%s"         // mistral small 3.1, glm4v
#define TN_MM_MERGER_FC1   "mm.merger.fc1.%s"            // minimax-m3 patch-merge MLP
#define TN_MM_MERGER_FC2   "mm.merger.fc2.%s"
#define TN_TOK_IMG_BREAK   "v.token_embd.img_break"     // pixtral
#define TN_TOK_GLM_BOI     "adapter.boi"                // glm-edge (these embeddings are not in text model)
#define TN_TOK_GLM_EOI     "adapter.eoi"                // glm-edge (these embeddings are not in text model)
#define TN_DEEPSTACK_NORM  "v.deepstack.%d.norm.%s"     // qwen3vl deepstack
#define TN_DEEPSTACK_FC1   "v.deepstack.%d.fc1.%s"      // qwen3vl deepstack
#define TN_DEEPSTACK_FC2   "v.deepstack.%d.fc2.%s"      // qwen3vl deepstack

// mimicpmv
#define TN_MINICPMV_POS_EMBD_K "resampler.pos_embed_k"
#define TN_MINICPMV_QUERY      "resampler.query"
#define TN_MINICPMV_PROJ       "resampler.proj.weight"
#define TN_MINICPMV_KV_PROJ    "resampler.kv.weight"
#define TN_MINICPMV_ATTN       "resampler.attn.%s.%s"
#define TN_MINICPMV_LN         "resampler.ln_%s.%s"

// MiniCPM-V 4.6 ViT merger (window attention + MLP downsample),
// matching the upstream `vit_merger` module name in transformers.
#define TN_VIT_MERGER_LN1      "v.vit_merger.ln1.%s"
#define TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_Q   "v.vit_merger.attn_q.%s"
#define TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_K   "v.vit_merger.attn_k.%s"
#define TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_V   "v.vit_merger.attn_v.%s"
#define TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_O   "v.vit_merger.attn_out.%s"
#define TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_LN    "v.vit_merger.ds_ln.%s"
#define TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_UP    "v.vit_merger.ds_ffn_up.%s"
#define TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_DOWN  "v.vit_merger.ds_ffn_down.%s"

#define TN_GLM_ADAPER_CONV      "adapter.conv.%s"
#define TN_GLM_ADAPTER_LINEAR   "adapter.linear.linear.%s"
#define TN_GLM_ADAPTER_NORM_1   "adapter.linear.norm1.%s"
#define TN_GLM_ADAPTER_D_H_2_4H "adapter.linear.dense_h_to_4h.%s"
#define TN_GLM_ADAPTER_GATE     "adapter.linear.gate.%s"
#define TN_GLM_ADAPTER_D_4H_2_H "adapter.linear.dense_4h_to_h.%s"

// ultravox
#define TN_CONV1D       "a.conv1d.%d.%s"
#define TN_CONV2D       "a.conv2d.%d.%s"
#define TN_CONV_OUT     "a.conv_out.%s"
#define TN_MM_AUDIO_MLP "mm.a.mlp.%d.%s"
#define TN_MM_AUDIO_FC  "mm.a.fc.%s" // fully connected layer
#define TN_MM_NORM_PRE  "mm.a.norm_pre.%s"
#define TN_MM_NORM_MID  "mm.a.norm_mid.%s"

// mimo-audio-tokenizer
#define TN_A_DOWNSAMPLE_CONV "a.downsample.conv.%s"
#define TN_A_DOWNSAMPLE_NORM "a.downsample.norm.%s"
#define TN_A_RVQ_CODEBOOK    "a.rvq.codebook.%s"
// mimo-v2.5: text-side RVQ code embedding ("text codebook")
#define TN_MM_A_CODE_EMBD    "mm.a.code_embd.%s"
// mimo-v2.5: LLM-side connector (input_local_transformer)
#define TN_MM_A_LOCAL_ATTN_Q   "mm.a.local_blk.%d.attn_q.%s"
#define TN_MM_A_LOCAL_ATTN_K   "mm.a.local_blk.%d.attn_k.%s"
#define TN_MM_A_LOCAL_ATTN_V   "mm.a.local_blk.%d.attn_v.%s"
#define TN_MM_A_LOCAL_ATTN_OUT "mm.a.local_blk.%d.attn_out.%s"
#define TN_MM_A_LOCAL_FFN_GATE "mm.a.local_blk.%d.ffn_gate.%s"
#define TN_MM_A_LOCAL_FFN_UP   "mm.a.local_blk.%d.ffn_up.%s"
#define TN_MM_A_LOCAL_FFN_DOWN "mm.a.local_blk.%d.ffn_down.%s"
#define TN_MM_A_LOCAL_LN1      "mm.a.local_blk.%d.ln1.%s"
#define TN_MM_A_LOCAL_LN2      "mm.a.local_blk.%d.ln2.%s"
#define TN_MM_A_LOCAL_NORM     "mm.a.local_norm.%s"

// qwen3tts speaker encoder (ECAPA-TDNN)
#define TN_A_SE_CONV1  "a.blk.%d.se_conv1.%s"
#define TN_A_SE_CONV2  "a.blk.%d.se_conv2.%s"
#define TN_A_CONV_RES2 "a.blk.%d.res2.%d.%s"
#define TN_A_ASP_ATTN  "a.asp_attn.%s"
#define TN_A_ASP_TDNN  "a.asp_tdnn.%s"

// qwen3tts code_predictor
#define TN_A_GEN_CODE_PROJ_IN  "a.gen.code.proj_in.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_CODE_EMBD     "a.gen.code.embd.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_CODE_HEAD     "a.gen.code.head.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_CODE_OUT_EMBD "a.gen.code.out_embd.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_CODE_NORM     "a.gen.code.output_norm.%s"

// qwen3tts code2wav (RVQ codes -> raw PCM)
// pre_transformer layers use the generic TN_ATTN_*/TN_FFN_*/TN_LN_*/TN_LS_* macros, prefix "a.gen.wav.tfm"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_QUANT_FIRST_IN  "a.gen.wav.quant.first.in_proj.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_QUANT_FIRST_OUT "a.gen.wav.quant.first.out_proj.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_QUANT_FIRST_CB  "a.gen.wav.quant.first.codebook.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_QUANT_REST_IN   "a.gen.wav.quant.rest.in_proj.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_QUANT_REST_OUT  "a.gen.wav.quant.rest.out_proj.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_QUANT_REST_CB   "a.gen.wav.quant.rest.codebook.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_PRE_CONV        "a.gen.wav.pre_conv.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_TFM_IN_PROJ     "a.gen.wav.tfm.in_proj.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_TFM_OUT_PROJ    "a.gen.wav.tfm.out_proj.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_TFM_OUT_NORM    "a.gen.wav.tfm.output_norm.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_UP_CONV         "a.gen.wav.up.blk.%d.conv.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_UP_DWCONV       "a.gen.wav.up.blk.%d.dwconv.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_UP_NORM         "a.gen.wav.up.blk.%d.norm.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_UP_PW1          "a.gen.wav.up.blk.%d.pw1.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_UP_PW2          "a.gen.wav.up.blk.%d.pw2.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_UP_GAMMA        "a.gen.wav.up.blk.%d.gamma"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_DAC_ENTRY       "a.gen.wav.dac.entry.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_DAC_SNAKE       "a.gen.wav.dac.blk.%d.snake.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_DAC_CONV        "a.gen.wav.dac.blk.%d.conv.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_DAC_RES_ACT1    "a.gen.wav.dac.blk.%d.res.%d.act1.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_DAC_RES_CONV1   "a.gen.wav.dac.blk.%d.res.%d.conv1.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_DAC_RES_ACT2    "a.gen.wav.dac.blk.%d.res.%d.act2.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_DAC_RES_CONV2   "a.gen.wav.dac.blk.%d.res.%d.conv2.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_DAC_POST_SNAKE  "a.gen.wav.dac.post_snake.%s"
#define TN_A_GEN_WAV_DAC_POST_CONV   "a.gen.wav.dac.post_conv.%s"

// cogvlm
#define TN_MM_POST_FC_NORM "mm.post_fc_norm.%s"
#define TN_MM_H_TO_4H      "mm.up.%s"
#define TN_MM_GATE         "mm.gate.%s"
#define TN_MM_4H_TO_H      "mm.down.%s"
#define TN_TOK_BOI         "v.boi"
#define TN_TOK_EOI         "v.eoi"

// hunyuanvl (shared GGUF tensor names)
#define TN_MM_PRE_NORM     "mm.pre_norm.%s"
#define TN_TOK_IMG_BEGIN   "mm.image_begin"
#define TN_TOK_IMG_END     "mm.image_end"

// deepseek-ocr
#define TN_SAM_POS_EMBD   "v.sam.pos_embd.%s"
#define TN_SAM_PATCH_EMBD "v.sam.patch_embd.%s"
#define TN_SAM_PRE_NORM   "v.sam.blk.%d.pre_ln.%s"
#define TN_SAM_POST_NORM  "v.sam.blk.%d.post_ln.%s"
#define TN_SAM_ATTN_POS_H "v.sam.blk.%d.attn.pos_h.%s"
#define TN_SAM_ATTN_POS_W "v.sam.blk.%d.attn.pos_w.%s"
#define TN_SAM_ATTN_QKV   "v.sam.blk.%d.attn.qkv.%s"
#define TN_SAM_ATTN_OUT   "v.sam.blk.%d.attn.out.%s"
#define TN_SAM_FFN_UP     "v.sam.blk.%d.mlp.lin1.%s"
#define TN_SAM_FFN_DOWN   "v.sam.blk.%d.mlp.lin2.%s"
#define TN_SAM_NECK       "v.sam.neck.%d.%s"
#define TN_SAM_NET        "v.sam.net_%d.%s"
// deepseek-ocr-2
#define TN_RESMPL_QUERY  "v.resample_query_%d.%s"
// (conformer) lfm2
#define TN_PRE_ENCODE_OUT  "a.pre_encode.out.%s"
#define TN_FFN_NORM        "%s.blk.%d.ffn_norm.%s"
#define TN_FFN_NORM_1      "%s.blk.%d.ffn_norm_1.%s"
#define TN_FFN_UP_1        "%s.blk.%d.ffn_up_1.%s"
#define TN_FFN_DOWN_1      "%s.blk.%d.ffn_down_1.%s"
#define TN_POS_BIAS_U      "%s.blk.%d.pos_bias_u"
#define TN_POS_BIAS_V      "%s.blk.%d.pos_bias_v"
#define TN_NORM_CONV       "%s.blk.%d.norm_conv.%s"
#define TN_LINEAR_POS      "%s.blk.%d.linear_pos.%s"
#define TN_CONV_DW         "%s.blk.%d.conv_dw.%s"
#define TN_CONV_NORM       "%s.blk.%d.conv_norm.%s"
#define TN_CONV_PW1        "%s.blk.%d.conv_pw1.%s"
#define TN_CONV_PW2        "%s.blk.%d.conv_pw2.%s"
#define TN_INP_PROJ        "a.input_projection.%s"
#define TN_CTC_OUT         "a.enc_ctc_out.%s"
#define TN_CTC_OUT_MID     "a.enc_ctc_out_mid.%s"
#define TN_ATTN_REL_POS_EMB "%s.blk.%d.attn_rel_pos_emb"
// qformer projector
#define TN_QF_PROJ_QUERY   "%s.proj_query"
#define TN_QF_PROJ_NORM    "%s.proj_norm.%s"
#define TN_QF_PROJ_LINEAR  "%s.proj_linear.%s"
#define TN_QF_SELF_ATTN_Q  "%s.proj_blk.%d.self_attn_q.%s"
#define TN_QF_SELF_ATTN_K  "%s.proj_blk.%d.self_attn_k.%s"
#define TN_QF_SELF_ATTN_V  "%s.proj_blk.%d.self_attn_v.%s"
#define TN_QF_SELF_ATTN_O  "%s.proj_blk.%d.self_attn_out.%s"
#define TN_QF_SELF_ATTN_N  "%s.proj_blk.%d.self_attn_norm.%s"
#define TN_QF_CROSS_ATTN_Q "%s.proj_blk.%d.cross_attn_q.%s"
#define TN_QF_CROSS_ATTN_K "%s.proj_blk.%d.cross_attn_k.%s"
#define TN_QF_CROSS_ATTN_V "%s.proj_blk.%d.cross_attn_v.%s"
#define TN_QF_CROSS_ATTN_O "%s.proj_blk.%d.cross_attn_out.%s"
#define TN_QF_CROSS_ATTN_N "%s.proj_blk.%d.cross_attn_norm.%s"
#define TN_QF_FFN_UP       "%s.proj_blk.%d.ffn_up.%s"
#define TN_QF_FFN_DOWN     "%s.proj_blk.%d.ffn_down.%s"
#define TN_QF_FFN_NORM     "%s.proj_blk.%d.ffn_norm.%s"
// multi-projector qformer (bid => projector ID)
#define TN_MULTI_PROJ_IMG_POS   "v.proj_blk.%d.img_pos"
#define TN_MULTI_PROJ_QUERY     "%s.proj_blk.%d.query"
#define TN_MULTI_PROJ_LINEAR    "%s.proj_blk.%d.linear.%s"
#define TN_MULTI_PROJ_NORM      "%s.proj_blk.%d.norm.%s"
#define TN_MULTI_PROJ_POST_NORM "%s.proj_blk.%d.post_norm.%s"

// gemma4 audio conformer
#define TN_A_MM_INP_PROJ     "mm.a.input_projection.%s"
#define TN_A_MM_SOFT_EMB_N   "mm.a.soft_emb_norm.%s"
#define TN_A_INP_PROJ        "a.input_projection.%s"
#define TN_A_CONV1D          "a.conv1d.%d.%s"
#define TN_A_CONV1D_NORM     "a.conv1d.%d.norm.%s"
#define TN_A_OUT_PROJ        "a.pre_encode.out.%s"
#define TN_A_ATTN_PRE_NORM   "%s.blk.%d.attn_pre_norm.%s"
#define TN_A_ATTN_POST_NORM  "%s.blk.%d.attn_post_norm.%s"
#define TN_A_ATTN_K_REL      "%s.blk.%d.attn_k_rel.%s"
#define TN_A_PER_DIM_SCALE   "%s.blk.%d.per_dim_scale.%s"
#define TN_A_PER_DIM_K_SCALE "%s.blk.%d.per_dim_k_scale.%s"
#define TN_A_FFN_POST_NORM   "%s.blk.%d.ffn_post_norm.%s"
#define TN_A_FFN_POST_NORM_1 "%s.blk.%d.ffn_post_norm_1.%s"

// mobilenetv5 (gemma3n) definitions
#define TN_MNV5_STEM_CONV        "v.conv_stem.conv.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_STEM_BIAS        "v.conv_stem.conv.bias"
#define TN_MNV5_STEM_BN          "v.conv_stem.bn.weight"

// Stage 0 Block (Edge Residual)
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_S0_EXP_W     "v.blk.%d.%d.conv_exp.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_S0_BN1_W     "v.blk.%d.%d.bn1.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_S0_PWL_W     "v.blk.%d.%d.conv_pwl.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_S0_BN2_W     "v.blk.%d.%d.bn2.weight"

// Stage 1+ Block (Universal Inverted Residual)
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_DW_START_W   "v.blk.%d.%d.dw_start.conv.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_DW_START_BN  "v.blk.%d.%d.dw_start.bn.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_DW_MID_W     "v.blk.%d.%d.dw_mid.conv.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_DW_MID_BN    "v.blk.%d.%d.dw_mid.bn.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_PW_EXP_W     "v.blk.%d.%d.pw_exp.conv.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_PW_EXP_BN    "v.blk.%d.%d.pw_exp.bn.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_PW_PROJ_W    "v.blk.%d.%d.pw_proj.conv.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_PW_PROJ_BN   "v.blk.%d.%d.pw_proj.bn.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_BLK_LAYER_SCALE  "v.blk.%d.%d.layer_scale.gamma"

// Attention Components
#define TN_MNV5_ATTN_Q_W         "v.blk.%d.%d.attn.query.proj.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_ATTN_K_W         "v.blk.%d.%d.attn.key.proj.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_ATTN_V_W         "v.blk.%d.%d.attn.value.proj.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_ATTN_O_W         "v.blk.%d.%d.attn.output.proj.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_ATTN_K_DW        "v.blk.%d.%d.attn.key.down_conv.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_ATTN_K_NORM      "v.blk.%d.%d.attn.key.norm.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_ATTN_V_DW        "v.blk.%d.%d.attn.value.down_conv.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_ATTN_V_NORM      "v.blk.%d.%d.attn.value.norm.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_ATTN_NORM        "v.blk.%d.%d.norm.weight" // Block norm used in attn blocks

// MSFA
#define TN_MNV5_MSFA_FFN_EXP_W   "v.msfa.ffn.pw_exp.conv.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_MSFA_FFN_EXP_BN  "v.msfa.ffn.pw_exp.bn.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_MSFA_FFN_PROJ_W  "v.msfa.ffn.pw_proj.conv.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_MSFA_FFN_PROJ_BN "v.msfa.ffn.pw_proj.bn.weight"
#define TN_MNV5_MSFA_NORM        "v.msfa.norm.weight"

// gemma4
#define TN_STD_BIAS              "v.std_bias"
#define TN_STD_SCALE             "v.std_scale"

// yasa2
#define TN_YASA_PATCH_LN_W       "v.patch_ln.weight"
#define TN_YASA_PATCH_LN_B       "v.patch_ln.bias"
#define TN_YASA_BACKBONE_LN_W    "v.backbone_ln.weight"
#define TN_YASA_BACKBONE_LN_B    "v.backbone_ln.bias"
#define TN_YASA_POS_EMBD         "v.vision_pos_embed"
#define TN_YASA_STAGE_DOWN_LN    "v.stage.%d.down.ln.%s"
#define TN_YASA_STAGE_DOWN_CONV  "v.stage.%d.down.conv.%s"
#define TN_YASA_STAGE_BLK        "v.stage.%d.blk.%d.%s.%s"

// parakeet
#define TN_MEL_FILTERS           "a.mel_filters"
#define TN_WINDOW                "a.window"
#define TN_CONV_NORM_MEAN        "%s.blk.%d.conv_norm_mean"
#define TN_CONV_NORM_VAR         "%s.blk.%d.conv_norm_var"

// align x to upper multiple of n
#define CLIP_ALIGN(x, n) ((((x) + (n) - 1) / (n)) * (n))

// forward declaration
// TODO: improve this later
struct clip_ctx;

enum projector_type {
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_MLP,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_MLP_NORM,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDP,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDPV2,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_MINICPMV,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GLM_EDGE,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN2VL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN3VL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_STEP3VL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA3,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA3NV,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA3NA,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA4V,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA4A,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA4UV,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA4UA,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_PHI4,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_IDEFICS3,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_PIXTRAL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN25VL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_ULTRAVOX,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_INTERNVL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_LLAMA4,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN2A,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN3A,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GLMA,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN25O, // will be replaced by QWEN2A or QWEN25VL depending on clip_ctx
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_VOXTRAL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_MERALION,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_MUSIC_FLAMINGO,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_KIMIVL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_PADDLEOCR,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_LIGHTONOCR,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_COGVLM,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_JANUS_PRO,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_DOTS_OCR,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_DEEPSEEKOCR,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_DEEPSEEKOCR2,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2A,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GLM4V,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_YOUTUVL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_YASA2,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_KIMIK25,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_NEMOTRON_V2_VL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_HUNYUANVL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_PARAKEET,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_EXAONE4_5,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_MINICPMV4_6,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GRANITE_SPEECH,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_MIMOVL,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_MINIMAX_M3,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_GRANITE4_VISION,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_MIMO_AUDIO,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN3TTS_SPKENC,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN3TTS_GEN,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_MUSE_GLIMMER,
    PROJECTOR_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
};

static std::map<projector_type, std::string> PROJECTOR_TYPE_NAMES = {
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_MLP,               "mlp" },
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDP,               "ldp" },
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDPV2,             "ldpv2"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_MINICPMV,          "resampler"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GLM_EDGE,          "adapter"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN2VL,           "qwen2vl_merger"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN25VL,          "qwen2.5vl_merger"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN3VL,           "qwen3vl_merger"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_STEP3VL,           "step3vl"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA3,            "gemma3"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA3NV,          "gemma3nv"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA3NA,          "gemma3na"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA4V,           "gemma4v"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA4A,           "gemma4a"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA4UV,          "gemma4uv"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GEMMA4UA,          "gemma4ua"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_PHI4,              "phi4"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_IDEFICS3,          "idefics3"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_PIXTRAL,           "pixtral"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_ULTRAVOX,          "ultravox"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_INTERNVL,          "internvl"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_LLAMA4,            "llama4"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN2A,            "qwen2a"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN3A,            "qwen3a"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GLMA,              "glma"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN25O,           "qwen2.5o"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_VOXTRAL,           "voxtral"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_MERALION,          "meralion"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_MUSIC_FLAMINGO,    "musicflamingo"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2,              "lfm2"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_KIMIVL,            "kimivl"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_PADDLEOCR,         "paddleocr"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_LIGHTONOCR,        "lightonocr"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_COGVLM,            "cogvlm"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_JANUS_PRO,         "janus_pro"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_DOTS_OCR,          "dots_ocr"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_DEEPSEEKOCR,       "deepseekocr"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_DEEPSEEKOCR2,      "deepseekocr2"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_LFM2A,             "lfm2a"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GLM4V,             "glm4v"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_YOUTUVL,           "youtuvl"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_YASA2,             "yasa2"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_KIMIK25,           "kimik25"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_NEMOTRON_V2_VL,    "nemotron_v2_vl"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_EXAONE4_5,         "exaone4_5"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_HUNYUANVL,         "hunyuanvl"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_MINICPMV4_6,       "minicpmv4_6"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GRANITE_SPEECH,    "granite_speech"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_MIMOVL,            "mimovl"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_MINIMAX_M3,        "minimax_m3"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_GRANITE4_VISION,   "granite4_vision"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_MIMO_AUDIO,        "mimo_audio"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_PARAKEET,          "parakeet"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN3TTS_SPKENC,   "qwen3tts_spkenc"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN3TTS_GEN,      "qwen3tts_gen"},
    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_MUSE_GLIMMER,      "muse-glimmer"},
};

static projector_type clip_projector_type_from_string(const std::string & str) {
    for (const auto & pair : PROJECTOR_TYPE_NAMES) {
        if (pair.second == str) {
            return pair.first;
        }
    }
    return PROJECTOR_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
}

// RGB uint8 image
struct clip_image_u8 {
    clip_image_size get_size() const {
        return { nx, ny };
    }

    void set_size(clip_image_size size, bool is_placeholder) {
        nx = size.width;
        ny = size.height;
        if (is_placeholder) {
            buf.clear();
        } else {
            buf.resize((size_t) nx * (size_t) ny * 3);
        }
    }

    void cpy_buf(const std::vector<uint8_t> & new_buf) {
        buf = new_buf;
    }

    const std::vector<uint8_t> & get_ro_buf() const {
        if (is_placeholder()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("this clip_image_u8 is a placeholder");
        }
        return buf;
    }

    // note to contributors: NEVER add a get_rw_buf(), it is a DANGEROUS pattern. always use get_pixel / set_pixel for buffer manipulation

    bool is_placeholder() const {
        return buf.empty();
    }

    std::array<uint8_t, 3> get_pixel(int x, int y) const {
        if (is_placeholder()) {
            // return a dummy value, so that legacy code can still process image without errors
            return { 0, 0, 0 };
        }
        int idx = (y * nx + x) * 3;
        return { buf[idx], buf[idx + 1], buf[idx + 2] };
    }

    void set_pixel(int x, int y, const std::array<uint8_t, 3> & rgb) {
        if (is_placeholder()) {
            return; // no-op
        }
        int idx = (y * nx + x) * 3;
        buf[idx] = rgb[0];
        buf[idx + 1] = rgb[1];
        buf[idx + 2] = rgb[2];
    }

    size_t n_elements() const {
        return n_pixels() * 3;
    }

  private:
    std::vector<uint8_t> buf;
    int nx = 0;
    int ny = 0;

    size_t n_pixels() const {
        return (size_t) nx * (size_t) ny;
    }
};

struct mtmd_serialization; // forward declaration

// For images, buf.size() == nx*ny*3
//     Memory layout: RGBRGBRGB...
// For seq, buf.size() == nx*ny*3*nt
//     Memory layout: RGBRGB...RGBRGB... (nt times)
// For audio, only one channel is used, buf.size() == nx*ny
//     nx will be n_frames and ny will be n_mel
struct clip_image_f32 {
    // marks the global view in e.g., DeepSeek-OCR Models
    bool add_viewsep = false;
    // whether a learned newline (or EOI) token should be appended after the image (eg Granite4 Vision)
    bool add_newline = false;

    clip_image_size get_size() const {
        return { nx_, ny_ };
    }

    int nx() const { return nx_; }
    int ny() const { return ny_; }

    void set_size(clip_image_size size, bool is_placeholder, bool is_audio) {
        nx_ = size.width;
        ny_ = size.height;
        if (is_placeholder) {
            buf.clear();
        } else {
            if (is_audio) {
                buf.resize((size_t) nx_ * (size_t) ny_);
            } else {
                buf.resize((size_t) nx_ * (size_t) ny_ * 3);
            }
        }
    }

    void cpy_buf(const std::vector<float> & new_buf) {
        buf = new_buf;
    }

    void from_u8(const clip_image_u8 & img) {
        auto size = img.get_size();
        nx_ = size.width;
        ny_ = size.height;
        if (img.is_placeholder()) {
            buf.clear();
            return; // no-op
        }
        buf.resize(img.n_elements());
        const auto & u8_buf = img.get_ro_buf();
        for (size_t i = 0; i < img.n_elements(); ++i) {
            buf[i] = (float) u8_buf[i] / 255.0f;
        }
    }

    size_t n_elements() const {
        return n_pixels() * 3;
    }

    void normalize(const float mean[3], const float std[3]) {
        if (is_placeholder()) {
            return; // no-op
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < n_pixels(); ++i) {
            buf[i * 3 + 0] = (buf[i * 3 + 0] - mean[0]) / std[0];
            buf[i * 3 + 1] = (buf[i * 3 + 1] - mean[1]) / std[1];
            buf[i * 3 + 2] = (buf[i * 3 + 2] - mean[2]) / std[2];
        }
    }

    const std::vector<float> & get_ro_buf() const {
        if (is_placeholder()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("this clip_image_f32 is a placeholder");
        }
        return buf;
    }

    // note to contributors: NEVER add a get_rw_buf(), it is a DANGEROUS pattern

    bool is_placeholder() const {
        return buf.empty();
    }

    void serialize(struct mtmd_serialization & ser) const;
    void deserialize(struct mtmd_serialization & ser);

  private:
    std::vector<float> buf;
    int nx_ = 0;
    int ny_ = 0;

    size_t n_pixels() const {
        return (size_t) nx_ * (size_t) ny_;
    }
};

//
// logging
//

static void clip_log_callback_default(enum ggml_log_level level, const char * text, void * user_data) {
    (void) level;
    (void) user_data;
    fputs(text, stderr);
    fflush(stderr);
}

struct clip_logger_state {
    ggml_log_callback log_callback;
    void * log_callback_user_data;
};

extern struct clip_logger_state g_logger_state;

static void clip_log_internal_v(enum ggml_log_level level, const char * format, va_list args) {
    if (format == NULL) {
        return;
    }
    va_list args_copy;
    va_copy(args_copy, args);
    char buffer[128];
    int len = vsnprintf(buffer, 128, format, args);
    if (len < 128) {
        g_logger_state.log_callback(level, buffer, g_logger_state.log_callback_user_data);
    } else {
        char * buffer2 = (char *) calloc(len + 1, sizeof(char));
        vsnprintf(buffer2, len + 1, format, args_copy);
        buffer2[len] = 0;
        g_logger_state.log_callback(level, buffer2, g_logger_state.log_callback_user_data);
        free(buffer2);
    }
    va_end(args_copy);
}

static void clip_log_internal(enum ggml_log_level level, const char * format, ...) {
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, format);
    clip_log_internal_v(level, format, args);
    va_end(args);
}

#define LOG_TRC(...) clip_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, __VA_ARGS__)
#define LOG_DBG(...) clip_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, __VA_ARGS__)
#define LOG_INF(...) clip_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO,  __VA_ARGS__)
#define LOG_WRN(...) clip_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN,  __VA_ARGS__)
#define LOG_ERR(...) clip_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, __VA_ARGS__)
#define LOG_CNT(...) clip_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_CONT,  __VA_ARGS__)

//
// cpp wrappers
//

struct clip_image_f32_batch {
    std::vector<clip_image_f32> entries;
    bool is_audio = false;

    clip_image_f32_batch clone() const {
        clip_image_f32_batch new_batch{
            /* entries  */ {},
            /* is_audio */ is_audio,
        };
        new_batch.entries.reserve(entries.size());
        for (const auto & entry : entries) {
            new_batch.entries.emplace_back(entry); // copy
        }
        return new_batch;
    }

    void serialize(struct mtmd_serialization & ser) const;
    void deserialize(struct mtmd_serialization & ser);
};

//
// common utils
//

#ifdef _WIN32
static std::ifstream open_ifstream_binary(const std::string & fname) {
    int wlen = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, fname.c_str(), -1, NULL, 0);
    if (!wlen) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to convert filename to UTF-16: " + fname);
    }
    std::vector<wchar_t> wfname(wlen);
    (void)MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, fname.c_str(), -1, wfname.data(), wlen);
    return std::ifstream(wfname.data(), std::ios::binary);
}
#else
static std::ifstream open_ifstream_binary(const std::string & fname) {
    return std::ifstream(fname, std::ios::binary);
}
#endif

static std::string string_format(const char * fmt, ...) {
    va_list ap;
    va_list ap2;
    va_start(ap, fmt);
    va_copy(ap2, ap);
    int size = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, ap);
    GGML_ASSERT(size >= 0 && size < INT_MAX); // NOLINT
    std::vector<char> buf(size + 1);
    int size2 = vsnprintf(buf.data(), size + 1, fmt, ap2);
    GGML_ASSERT(size2 == size);
    va_end(ap2);
    va_end(ap);
    return std::string(buf.data(), buf.size());
}

static void string_replace_all(std::string & s, const std::string & search, const std::string & replace) {
    if (search.empty()) {
        return;
    }
    std::string builder;
    builder.reserve(s.length());
    size_t pos = 0;
    size_t last_pos = 0;
    while ((pos = s.find(search, last_pos)) != std::string::npos) {
        builder.append(s, last_pos, pos - last_pos);
        builder.append(replace);
        last_pos = pos + search.length();
    }
    builder.append(s, last_pos, std::string::npos);
    s = std::move(builder);
}

// split string by a `std::string delim` instead of `char delim`
static std::vector<std::string> string_split_str(std::string s, const std::string & delimiter) {
    std::vector<std::string> tokens;
    size_t pos = 0;
    std::string token;
    while ((pos = s.find(delimiter)) != std::string::npos) {
        token = s.substr(0, pos);
        tokens.push_back(token);
        s.erase(0, pos + delimiter.length());
    }
    tokens.push_back(s);
    return tokens;
}

// remove when moving to c++20
inline bool string_starts_with(std::string_view str, std::string_view prefix) {
    return str.size() >= prefix.size() &&
           str.compare(0, prefix.size(), prefix) == 0;
}

// remove when moving to c++20
inline bool string_ends_with(std::string_view str, std::string_view suffix) {
    return str.size() >= suffix.size() &&
           str.compare(str.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), suffix) == 0;
}

//
// gguf utils
//

static std::string gguf_data_to_str(enum gguf_type type, const void * data, int i) {
    switch (type) {
        case GGUF_TYPE_UINT8:   return std::to_string(((const uint8_t  *)data)[i]);
        case GGUF_TYPE_INT8:    return std::to_string(((const int8_t   *)data)[i]);
        case GGUF_TYPE_UINT16:  return std::to_string(((const uint16_t *)data)[i]);
        case GGUF_TYPE_INT16:   return std::to_string(((const int16_t  *)data)[i]);
        case GGUF_TYPE_UINT32:  return std::to_string(((const uint32_t *)data)[i]);
        case GGUF_TYPE_INT32:   return std::to_string(((const int32_t  *)data)[i]);
        case GGUF_TYPE_UINT64:  return std::to_string(((const uint64_t *)data)[i]);
        case GGUF_TYPE_INT64:   return std::to_string(((const int64_t  *)data)[i]);
        case GGUF_TYPE_FLOAT32: return std::to_string(((const float    *)data)[i]);
        case GGUF_TYPE_FLOAT64: return std::to_string(((const double   *)data)[i]);
        case GGUF_TYPE_BOOL:    return ((const int8_t *)data)[i] != 0 ? "true" : "false";
        default:                return string_format("unknown type %d", type);
    }
}

static std::string gguf_kv_to_str(const struct gguf_context * ctx_gguf, int i) {
    const enum gguf_type type = gguf_get_kv_type(ctx_gguf, i);

    switch (type) {
        case GGUF_TYPE_STRING:
            return gguf_get_val_str(ctx_gguf, i);
        case GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY:
            {
                const enum gguf_type arr_type = gguf_get_arr_type(ctx_gguf, i);
                int arr_n = gguf_get_arr_n(ctx_gguf, i);
                const void * data = arr_type == GGUF_TYPE_STRING ? nullptr : gguf_get_arr_data(ctx_gguf, i);
                std::stringstream ss;
                ss << "[";
                for (int j = 0; j < arr_n; j++) {
                    if (arr_type == GGUF_TYPE_STRING) {
                        std::string val = gguf_get_arr_str(ctx_gguf, i, j);
                        // escape quotes
                        string_replace_all(val, "\\", "\\\\");
                        string_replace_all(val, "\"", "\\\"");
                        ss << '"' << val << '"';
                    } else if (arr_type == GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY) {
                        ss << "???";
                    } else {
                        ss << gguf_data_to_str(arr_type, data, j);
                    }
                    if (j < arr_n - 1) {
                        ss << ", ";
                    }
                }
                ss << "]";
                return ss.str();
            }
        default:
            return gguf_data_to_str(type, gguf_get_val_data(ctx_gguf, i), 0);
    }
}

//
// debugging
//

static void print_tensor_shape(ggml_tensor * t) {
    printf("%s.shape = [", t->name);
    for (int i = 0; i < ggml_n_dims(t); ++i) {
        printf("%" PRId64, t->ne[i]);
        if (i < ggml_n_dims(t) - 1) {
            printf(", ");
        }
    }
    printf("]\n");
}

static void print_tensor_data(ggml_tensor * t, uint8_t * data, int64_t n) {
    ggml_type type = t->type;
    int64_t * ne = t->ne;
    size_t * nb = t->nb;
    for (int64_t i3 = 0; i3 < ne[3]; i3++) {
        printf("%s.data: [\n", t->name);
        for (int64_t i2 = 0; i2 < ne[2]; i2++) {
            if (i2 == n && ne[2] > 2*n) {
                printf("     ..., \n");
                i2 = ne[2] - n;
            }
            printf("     [\n");
            for (int64_t i1 = 0; i1 < ne[1]; i1++) {
                if (i1 == n && ne[1] > 2*n) {
                    printf("      ..., \n");
                    i1 = ne[1] - n;
                }
                printf("      [");
                for (int64_t i0 = 0; i0 < ne[0]; i0++) {
                    if (i0 == n && ne[0] > 2*n) {
                        printf("..., ");
                        i0 = ne[0] - n;
                    }
                    size_t i = i3 * nb[3] + i2 * nb[2] + i1 * nb[1] + i0 * nb[0];
                    float v;
                    if (type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
                        v = ggml_fp16_to_fp32(*(ggml_fp16_t *) &data[i]);
                    } else if (type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
                        v = *(float *) &data[i];
                    } else if (type == GGML_TYPE_I32) {
                        v = (float) *(int32_t *) &data[i];
                    } else if (type == GGML_TYPE_I16) {
                        v = (float) *(int16_t *) &data[i];
                    } else if (type == GGML_TYPE_I8) {
                        v = (float) *(int8_t *) &data[i];
                    } else {
                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                    }
                    printf("%8.4f", v);
                    if (i0 < ne[0] - 1) printf(", ");
                }
                printf("],\n");
            }
            printf("     ],\n");
        }
        printf("    ]\n");
    }
}

//
// API used internally with mtmd
//

projector_type clip_get_projector_type(const struct clip_ctx * ctx);
void clip_set_debug_output_embeddings(struct clip_ctx * ctx, bool debug);