HateCOT: An Explanation-Enhanced Dataset for Generalizable Offensive Speech Detection via Large Language Models
Paper • 2403.11456 • Published
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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: ArrowInvalid
Message: Failed to parse string: 'political' as a scalar of type int64
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1887, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 674, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2272, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2224, in cast_table_to_schema
cast_array_to_feature(
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1795, in wrapper
return pa.chunked_array([func(chunk, *args, **kwargs) for chunk in array.chunks])
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2086, in cast_array_to_feature
return array_cast(
^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1797, in wrapper
return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1949, in array_cast
return array.cast(pa_type)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "pyarrow/array.pxi", line 1135, in pyarrow.lib.Array.cast
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pyarrow/compute.py", line 412, in cast
return call_function("cast", [arr], options, memory_pool)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "pyarrow/_compute.pyx", line 604, in pyarrow._compute.call_function
File "pyarrow/_compute.pyx", line 399, in pyarrow._compute.Function.call
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 155, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 92, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: Failed to parse string: 'political' as a scalar of type int64
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1333, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 966, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 884, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 947, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1736, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1919, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
Text string | ground_truth int64 | id int64 | source string |
|---|---|---|---|
Besides his most recent trip to Quetta , Mr. Rahami visited Karachi , Pakistan , in 2005 . Both of those cities ’ reputations have become entwined with the militant groups who have sheltered there : Karachi as a haven for the Pakistani Taliban and Al Qaeda , and Quetta as the headquarters of the exiled Afghan Taliban l... | 0 | 0 | article_bias_prediction |
Poll : Prestigious Colleges Wo n't Make You Happier In Life Or Work
There 's plenty of anxiety in the U.S. over getting into a top college . But a new Gallup poll suggests that , later in life , it does n't matter nearly as much as we think . In fact , when you ask college graduates whether they 're `` engaged '' with ... | 0 | 1 | article_bias_prediction |
House Speaker Paul Ryan , at a private dinner earlier this year , said he thought only “ one member ” wanted to build a wall across the entire U.S.-Mexico border , ███ has learned from multiple sources with direct knowledge of the comments , including former Rep. Tom Tancredo ( R-CO ) .
The dinner , sources said , took... | 2 | 2 | article_bias_prediction |
( CNN ) President Donald Trump has reason to hope his luck is changing after a long legal losing streak .
Trump got to celebrate a big win Wednesday in an emoluments clause case relating to his Washington hotel . And there are signs that a case in Louisiana could cause yet another near death experience for Obamacare , ... | 0 | 3 | article_bias_prediction |
The controversial immigration-reform bill that passed the Senate Judiciary Committee this week is expected to be considered by the Senate in June . Many see measures contained in this bill , such as a strong E-Verify and a “ photo tool , ” as a means to control unlawful immigrants ’ access to unlawful employment . I wo... | 2 | 4 | article_bias_prediction |
Dick Morris is working with Republican National Committee Chair Reince Priebus on a new television advertisement that will include Preibus seeking to attract Latino voters , Morris revealed during an appearance in New York City Thursday .
Speaking at the Poli Conference , a political consulting event for Latin American... | 0 | 5 | article_bias_prediction |
Tired of presidential politics ? Get over it : Upwards of 15 prominent Republicans are privately contemplating 2016 campaigns for the presidency — and the most serious and ambitious of the bunch are already plunging in , some quite publicly .
Don ’ t expect them to officially announce or even officially decide for many... | 0 | 6 | article_bias_prediction |
Is Maine Republican Sen. Susan Collins being bribed to vote against Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh ? That ’ s what she and others are saying .
The conservative-leaning news site Newsmax reported on Monday that a prominent Republican elections lawyer is calling for an investigation into what it described as a mor... | 0 | 7 | article_bias_prediction |
Wall Street Journal economics expert Stephen Moore tells ███ that there is “ no case on economic grounds ” to heed President Barack Obama ’ s call for higher taxes on wealthier Americans.He says raising those rates would simply encourage wealthier taxpayers to hide their money and wouldn ’ t boost revenues as predicted... | 2 | 8 | article_bias_prediction |
The left believes Sanders ’ s chances have improved , but notes that obstacles still remain .
“ Sanders reportedly pulled in about $ 34.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2019 , which makes for a total sum of nearly $ 100 million . No one else is even close… Those who lead in fundraising at this point often win . In pr... | 1 | 9 | article_bias_prediction |
Sanders and Ocasio-Cortez ’ s fans have also begun thinking about AOC 2024 or 2028 . At their rally in Los Angeles , chiropractor Samuel Aguilera predicted that Ocasio-Cortez will eventually run for the White House : “ In fact , I ’ m excited about that . She ’ s intelligent . I ’ ve got three daughters , and I ’ m exc... | 0 | 10 | article_bias_prediction |
For the second consecutive year , President Donald Trump vilified the American press at a campaign-style rally orchestrated to effectively counterprogram an annual dinner in Washington , D.C. , celebrating the work of White House journalists .
“ These are very dishonest people , many of them . They are very , very dish... | 0 | 11 | article_bias_prediction |
Robert Mueller 's Russia Report Is Coming Thursday . Here 's What You Need To Know
The Justice Department says it plans to release special counsel Robert Mueller 's report on Thursday morning . Here 's what you need to know .
Mueller was appointed in the spring of 2017 to investigate whether President Trump 's campaign... | 1 | 12 | article_bias_prediction |
The remnants of Hurricane Nate lashed much of the Southeast with heavy rains and winds early Monday , fading to a tropical depression but still knocking out power to more than 100,000 people and driving rivers of water through the streets of many communities .
Nate slammed through a region still suffering from hurrican... | 1 | 13 | article_bias_prediction |
Story highlights Missouri Gov . Jay Nixon notes the `` over-militarization '' of police
Nixon also criticizes Police Department 's release of a convenience store video
The governor also raises doubts about the special prosecutor in charge of the case
Nixon praises many of the protesters upset about shooting death of Mi... | 0 | 14 | article_bias_prediction |
NEW YORK ( ███ ) - Lawyers for immigrant families separated by the U.S. government at the border with Mexico said a federal judge ’ s order barring rapid deportations until at least next Tuesday would give their clients breathing room as they decided their next steps .
The families had been separated amid a broader cra... | 1 | 15 | article_bias_prediction |
The air always swirls with popular myths that , when repeated constantly , are taken by some to be indisputably true . One such myth today is that President Donald Trump is unique among presidents in standing up firmly to the Chinese and other foreigners to stop them from harming us economically with their import restr... | 2 | 16 | article_bias_prediction |
The road back will be even harder now than it was in March . The United States is experiencing multiple outbreaks from California to Florida that will seed more infections in the weeks and months ahead . The hope that summer ’ s warm weather would help , that the sacrifices made in March and April would be sufficient ,... | 0 | 17 | article_bias_prediction |
A magnitude-7.3 earthquake struck Nepal on Tuesday , just over two weeks after a massive magnitude-7.8 quake killed more than 8,000 people .
The United States Geological Survey puts today 's quake as close to the capital , Kathmandu , as the one two weeks ago .
From Kathmandu , Cindy Stein , the director of global prog... | 1 | 18 | article_bias_prediction |
The Obama administration is being accused of giving labor groups `` special treatment under the law '' after formally proposing a change that could exempt union health plans from a pesky ObamaCare fee .
Sen. John Thune , R-S.D. , who flagged the obscure rule change after it was filed in the Federal Register ( see page ... | 2 | 19 | article_bias_prediction |
Story highlights Obama cancels military exercises with Egypt , says U.S. might take further steps
U.S.-Egyptian military exercise would have involved thousands of American air and ground forces
Obama did not call the Egyptian military 's overthrow of the government a coup
U.S. law restricts aid in instances of military... | 0 | 20 | article_bias_prediction |
President Trump Donald John TrumpKamala Harris calls for Twitter to suspend Trump account over whistleblower attacks Clinton jokes she 'never ' had to tell Obama not to 'extort foreign countries ' John Dean : 'There is enough evidence ' to impeach Trump MORE on Monday doubled down on his controversial policy of separat... | 1 | 21 | article_bias_prediction |
The Weekly Standard shut down on Friday after 23 years of publication . In an unceremonious execution , MediaDC , the magazine ’ s owner , instructed staff to clear out their desks by the end of the day . According to co-founder John Podhoretz , MediaDC chose to kill the outlet so it could strip-mine its assets and sub... | 0 | 22 | article_bias_prediction |
Washington ( CNN ) The Supreme Court appeared closely divided along ideological lines during oral arguments Monday in a case that could determine President Barack Obama 's legacy on immigration .
Conservative justices questioned Obama 's authority to use executive actions to shield some 4 million undocumented immigrant... | 0 | 23 | article_bias_prediction |
President Donald Trump leaves the United States today for his first overseas trip as commander-in-chief , with a full itinerary of stops throughout the Middle East and Europe .
His trip begins Friday with a stop in Saudi Arabia , followed by planned visits to Israel and the Vatican . Trump will later attend the 28th NA... | 2 | 24 | article_bias_prediction |
Earlier this week , someone showed up at a protest in Nashville , Tennessee with a sign reading `` Sacrifice the weak . '' Real Housewives of Orange County star Kelly Dodd offered a similar message when she called the novel coronavirus `` God 's way of thinning the herd . '' Texas lieutenant governor Dan Patrick has sa... | 0 | 25 | article_bias_prediction |
Notably , 94 percent of the ads were posted by “ private parties , ” who , unlike licensed dealers , are not required to conduct background checks .
Image Jitka Vesel was killed by Dmitry Smirnov , who was stalking her and bought a gun online .
Besides Mr. Roman-Martinez , the Times investigation led to Gerard Toolin ,... | 0 | 26 | article_bias_prediction |
President Obama on Thursday nominated White House Chief of Staff Jack Lew to be his next Treasury secretary , as the top Republican on the Senate Budget Committee vowed to oppose the pick over a questionable statement Lew once made about the national debt .
The president said Thursday that he `` can not think of a bett... | 2 | 27 | article_bias_prediction |
CHICAGO — The University of Chicago announced Thursday it will no longer require its American undergraduate applicants to submit ACT or SAT scores , making it the most prominent institution to make the exams optional .
Several smaller liberal arts colleges— and a few first-tier research universities— have already taken... | 1 | 28 | article_bias_prediction |
What did we learn about the Republican Party at the Ronald Reagan Library debate Wednesday night ? We discovered that leading GOP candidates think Reagan 's administration was part of a “ wild left-wing ” conspiracy to cripple American business over the hoax of climate change . Also : there , in a shrine to the man who... | 0 | 29 | article_bias_prediction |
Donald Trump has poured fresh scorn on US intelligence claims of Russian hackers meddling in the US election .
He tweeted : `` Can you imagine if the election results were the opposite and WE tried to play the Russia/CIA card . It would be called conspiracy theory ! ''
The US president-elect also questioned why the all... | 1 | 30 | article_bias_prediction |
I 've been traveling to Hong Kong since 1997 , when the former British colony returned to Chinese rule . Reporting on the pro-democracy protests in recent weeks , I 've been struck by a change in the people here . Many are no longer willing to give their full names when talking about politics and the current protests .... | 1 | 31 | article_bias_prediction |
Her colleagues are rushing to condemn her on the House floor this week , but Rep. Ilhan Omar has her backers among powerful progressive activist groups who say they don ’ t understand why Democratic leaders are going out of their way to cut down one of their own .
A draft resolution slated for a vote Wednesday doesn ’ ... | 2 | 32 | article_bias_prediction |
Story highlights Mike Pence urged President Obama to OK Indiana 's proposal to expand health coverage
Pence says Indiana 's plan is a departure from traditional Medicaid because it includes health savings accounts
But conservatives are accusing Pence , a possible 2016 GOP presidential contender , of embracing Obamacare... | 0 | 33 | article_bias_prediction |
End of preview.
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Check out the documentation for more information.
RuleFollower – Parsed Datasets
This repository contains parsed datasets used in the RuleFollower project.
Datasets
- GWSD
- Misinfo
- Misinfo Cancer
- Bureaucracies
- Tweets23
- Tweets Congress
- Tweets News
- Tweets
- Rumoureval2019
- Hatecot
- Implicit Hate
- Yelp Reviews
- Article Bias Prediction
- Politeness Wiki
- Politeness Stack
Each folder contains a data.csv file with the parsed annotations. Each dataset is capped at 5k samples (full dataset used if <5k).
Each data file includes standardized columns:
Text: The text input for annotationid: Unique identifier for the rowsource: Name of the original dataset or paperground_truth: (Optional) Gold label, if available in the original dataset
RumorEval
- Text content: Replies to source tweets about rumored events
- Source: Gorrell et al (2019)
- Dataset: Huggingface
- Annotation goal: Classify reply stance as
support,deny,query, orcomment - Ground truth: Provided (stance label)
- Note: Only reply texts are retained for classification.
HateCoT
- Text content: Social media posts from 8 hate/offensive speech datasets
- Source: Nghiem and Daumé III (2024)
- Dataset: Github
- Annotation goal: Classify post as
benign,offensive, orhateful - Ground truth: Provided
- Note: The original HateCoT dataset combines samples from 8 hate speech datasets with diverse annotation schemes. We standardized its many fine-grained labels into 3 unified classes:
0 = Benign(e.g., "Not Hate", "Normal", "Neutral"),1 = Offensive(e.g., "Toxic", "Offensive"),2 = Hateful(e.g., "Hate", "Dehumanization", "Directed Abuse").
Tweets(2023) / Tweets News(2017) / Tweets(2020-2021)
- Text content: Tweets from different public Twitter samples spanning 2017 to 2023, focused on content moderation and related debates. Sample sizes vary across years and sources.
- Source: Gilardi et al (2023)
- Dataset: Harvard Dataverse
- Ground truth: Not provided
- Supported tasks (from annotation codebook, excluding political content tasks):
| Task ID | Task Name | Task Description Summary | Labels |
|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | Content Moderation Relevance | Is the tweet about content moderation? | relevant (1), irrelevant (0) |
| T3 | Problem/Solution Frame | Does the tweet portray content moderation as a problem, a solution, or neither? | problem, solution, neutral |
| T4 | Policy Frame (Moderation) | What policy dimension frames the content moderation issue? | e.g., morality, fairness, security, equality, health, ... |
| T6 | Stance on Section 230 | Does the tweet support, oppose, or remain neutral about Section 230 of U.S. law? | positive, negative, neutral |
| T7 | Topic Classification | What is the topic in relation to content moderation? | section 230, trump ban, complaints, platform policies, ... |
- Note:
- Each of these tasks has a dedicated
.txttask description underprompt/task_descriptions/. - The same dataset can be reused across tasks; task choice is controlled by the selected prompt.
- Tweets by U.S. Congress members (used for political content) are handled separately (see below).
- Each of these tasks has a dedicated
Tweets Congressional
- Text content: Tweets by U.S. Congress members (2017–2022)
- Source: Gilardi et al (2023)
- Dataset: Harvard Dataverse
- Annotation goal: Binary classification: whether tweet is political
- Ground truth: Not provided
Misinfo / Misinfo Cancer
- Text content:News headlines (The Misinfo Reaction Frames corpus is an dataset of 25k news headlines to articles that have been factchecked. The articles can be about Covid-19, Cancer or Climate Change)
- Source: Gabriel et al. (2022)
- Dataset: Github
- Annotation goal: Classify headline as misinformation or not
- Ground truth: Provided
Implicit Hate
- Text content:A dataset of English-language tweets annotated to capture both explicit and implicit hate speech. Implicit hate includes stereotypical, sarcastic, or coded language that may not be overtly hateful. The data was originally collected from Twitter and the Social Bias Inference Corpus.
- Source: Elsafoury et al. (2021)
- Dataset: Github
- Annotation goal: Classify post as
explicit_hate,implicit_hate, ornot_hate - Ground truth: Provided
- We use Stage 1 annotations for parsing:
explicit_hate: overt hate speechimplicit_hate: indirect hate speech (e.g., stereotypes, sarcasm)not_hate: no hateful content
- Note:
- The dataset originally included multiple annotation stages (e.g., fine-grained subtypes, implied statements).
- Additional parsing for Stage 2 (fine-grained) or Stage 3 (target/implied meaning) will be added later.
GWSD (Global Warming Stance Dataset)
- Text content: News spans (Opinion spans extracted from global warming news articles, published from Jan. 1, 2000 to April 12, 2020 by various U.S. news sources.)
- Source: Luo et al. (2020)
- Dataset: Github
- Annotation goal: Classify stance toward the statement: “Climate change is a serious concern”
Labels:agree,neutral, ordisagree - Ground truth: Provided
Bureaucracies
- Text content: Crisis communication texts (bureaucratic cables and memos from international crises)
- Source: Schub (2022)
- Dataset: Data
- Annotation goal:
- Info Type Task: Classify whether the text conveys
politicalormilitaryinformation relevant to Cold War crisis decision-making. - Certainty Task: Determine whether the adviser expresses the information with certainty or uncertainty.
- Info Type Task: Classify whether the text conveys
- Ground truth: Available only by "Info Type Task"
Yelp Reviews
- Text content: Yelp restaurant reviews
- Dataset: Data
- Annotation goal:
- Sentiment Task: Classify the overall evaluation expressed in a Yelp restaurant review.
- Ground truth: Provided
Article Bias Prediction
- Text content: News articles (A set of articles from media sources covering the United States of America. Data was scraped from https://www.allsides.com/.)
- Source: Baly et al. (2020)
- Dataset: Data
- Annotation goal: Classify the political bias expressed in a news article based on its content.Labels:
0(left),1(center),2(right) - Ground truth: Provided
Politeness Wiki
- Text content: Requests from Wikipedia editor’s on user talk pages.
- Source: Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al. (2013)
- Dataset: Data
- Annotation goal: Classify the level of politeness in the text. Labels:
1(polite),0(neutral),-1(impolite). - Ground truth: Provided
Politeness Wiki
- Text content: Requests from the StackExchange question-answering communities. These are often users commenting on existing posts requesting further information or proposing edits.
- Source: Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al. (2013)
- Dataset: Data
- Annotation goal: Classify the level of politeness of the text. Labels:
1(polite),0(neutral),-1(impolite). - Ground truth: Provided
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