MM-BRIGHT: A Multi-Task Multimodal Benchmark for Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval
Paper • 2601.09562 • Published
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philosophy/913_0f883ef18bf33f12_562.txt | Once again, this is not to say that the struggle on the level of the axioms is without importance; on the contrary, it is determining (at the most diverse levels: women’s struggle for the vote, for abortion, for jobs; the struggle of the regions for autonomy; the struggle of the Third World; the struggle of the oppress... |
philosophy/18326_1a8f0330de3b41ea_287.txt | Hypergraph Clustering has gained significant attention due to its capability of capturing high order structural information. Among different approaches, contrastive learning-based methods leverage self-supervised learning and data augmentation, exhibiting impressive performance. However, most of them come with the foll... |
philosophy/d64fd7db_0131.txt | March 29, 2008 at 11:50 pm In his Genesis commentary, Calvin clearly said that the cosmology of Genesis was not correct; it presented the cosmos “as the unlearned perceive it to be.” “There’s no water above the heavens,” he said, “and we all know it.” Why the error? God–the inerrant God–accommodated the errant views of... |
philosophy/966_2ed2d1df17fe28a3_274.txt | Clinton #587: No, I really don’t think I’m violating my own rules. In science, you can’t *demand* that the universe give you a deeper explanation of something, but you can always *ask*. You can always *look for* a deeper explanation, bearing in mind that you might not find one. And even the deeper explanation probably ... |
philosophy/63502_3bc030fd6ab566bc_560.txt | The propositional theory of knowledge holds that one must have justified true belief in the content of a proposition in order to have knowledge. This appears reasonable under normal circumstances, but seems not to work at all in the case of art. It seems odd, in fact, to hold that in order to show that one has learned ... |
philosophy/103616_dc36aca7b271c12d_331.txt | The dialectic of self-determination is, for Hegel, inherent in the very structure of freedom, and is the defining feature of Spirit (*Geist*). The full actualization of Spirit in the human community requires the progressive development of individuality which effectively begins with the realization in self-consciousness... |
philosophy/45500_a5801def072ec91c_1818.txt | In addition to taking the calculative and the scientific parts of the soul to be concerned with practical and theoretical truth respectively, Aristotle also distinguishes them according to the modal statuses of the truths that they grasp. The virtues of the calculative part of the soul are excellences for grasping trut... |
philosophy/55572_a22630401e32fc1e_185.txt | Robert Boyle was one of the most prolific figures in the scientific revolution and the leading scientist of his day. He was a proponent of the mechanical philosophy which sought to explain natural phenomena in terms of matter and motion, rather than appealing to Aristo... |
philosophy/966_74c3646bc67c16e3_115.txt | Many observers ascribe the collapse of the state vector to the act of observation itself. To some, this means that it is observation by a conscious mind that forces the quantum vector to collapse and take on a definite outcome. In a speciesist version of this theory, the cat will be suspended in a mix of the alive ... |
philosophy/18326_82cff351c64b37f3_89.txt | This paper introduces a new theoretical framework called Dimensional Evolution, which reinterprets quantum observation through the lens of resonance. It proposes that wavefunction collapse is not a physical process, but a perceptual illusion created by the observer’s resonance with specific frequencies. The human body ... |
philosophy/966_776dd407661a0517_495.txt | Humans reliably infer complex physical relationships between objects in everyday scenes, yet the mechanisms underlying these judgments remain unclear. We explored whether convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can approximate intuitive physical reasoning by capturing statistical regularities in visual experience. We trai... |
philosophy/69627_baea7bc0d09df8ad_27.txt | In epiphenomenalism, consciousness is entirely physical, solely the product of biological brains, but mental states cannot be entirely reduced to physical states (brains or otherwise), and mental states have no causal powers. Constrained by the “causal closure of the physical,” the mind, whatever else it might be, is e... |
philosophy/21569_0fd5b66ce9d3b3ec_75.txt | Again, causal ability is given to the inanimate: “molecules were organized, and complex chemicals reactions driven.” He then contends that plants evolved first, then “life began to generate its own food.” One wonders how long life survived without food. Sagan holds that life is equivalent with information that occurred... |
philosophy/45500_a5801def072ec91c_2589.txt | First, the basis for Voltaire’s misinterpretation is grounded upon the false assumption that the actual world is morally best. Instead, Leibniz contends that the world is metaphysically best. But how are these “moral” and “metaphysical” qualifications related to one another? After all, Leibniz sometimes remarks like he... |
philosophy/90841_f96aefb30ffffafc_242.txt | Suzuki criticizes Huxley’s The Doors to Perception in an effort to discredit any association between Zen and ‘drugs.’ He thereby endeavors to distinquish the artificial drug-induced hallucinations of mescaline allegedly described by Huxley, from the natural and authentic Zen experience of satori, which is the realizati... |
philosophy/54240_d761e06dd237373c_1144.txt | Sam Rickless has recently advanced what he calls the assurance view of sensitive knowledge. Like the approaches discussed in 2.2 and 2.3, Rickless does not think that sensitive knowledge can be reconciled with Locke’s account of knowledge. However, Rickless argues that Locke himself did not think that sensitive knowled... |
philosophy/129381_f8143ea6126be094_80.txt | That’s not true. The *ex nihilo* argument predates Christianity (it was developed by the Presocratics and taken up by later pagan philosophers). The principle of sufficient reason was *independently* developed by the presocratics. They were not connected then, and I am not aware of when they ever were. The principle of... |
philosophy/845a34b1_129502.txt | - be empirically testable or lead to testable predictions or retrodictions (use present information or ideas to infer or explain a past event or state of affairs) - make verified predictions and or retrodictions - lead to reproducible results so others can double-check - include criteria for determining whether data is... |
philosophy/26441_20c8e88d9852605a_15.txt | a). R. G. Collingwood, despite the greai^ but belatedly recognized merits of some of his philosophical writings, had no influence at all on me, or I think on most of my contemporaries, either in our student days or after we. had become his colleagues. Tliat I did not attend his lec- tures shows littl^ since I was unass... |
philosophy/120393_0440e828c0aa870f_4.txt | In a formula, a variable may occur *free* or *bound* (or both). One formalization of this notion is due to Quine, first the concept of a variable occurrence is defined, then whether a variable occurrence is free or bound, then whether a variable symbol overall is free or bound. In order to distinguish different occurre... |
philosophy/966_3d25fd43881bc965_5.txt | There is a long tradition of compatibilism amongst philosophers: that is, the idea that free will and determinism are compatible, a statement I myself agree with. You appear to regard free will as incompatible with determinism, more or less by definition. That's OK, but I would contend that what you define as free will... |
philosophy/1a389e47_1071.txt | Certain philosophers of science argue that, while causal determinism (in which everything including the brain/mind is subject to the laws of causality) is compatible with minds capable of science, fatalism and predestination is not. These philosophers make the distinction that causal determinism means that each step is... |
philosophy/103616_7f9bfb67f7fcbb99_311.txt | 1 Introduction A theory of x is revisionist if the truth of the theory’s account of x is in conflict with commonsense views about that thing. Those commonsense views that are repudiated by the revisionist theory may include views about x’s theoretical commitments, the nature and status of practices involving x, and the... |
philosophy/69627_fb1913e57a6ebe37_1368.txt | 23 Jan 2001 Thank you for creating and maintaining this wonderful resource. The Skeptic's Dictionary is a lifeboat of reason in the vast deluge of nonsense. Your articles and recommendations for further reading have been a joy and an education (and, occasionally, ammunition). Among the items I particularly value are th... |
philosophy/269ae20a_3179.txt | According to the expressivist, sentences involving normative terminology such as ‘good’ and ‘bad’ and ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ play a different role in communication than ordinary descriptive sentences, containing no such terminology. For example, when George says something descriptive, such as “figure-skating is difficult,... |
philosophy/45500_a5801def072ec91c_821.txt | Galileo first had the idea that motion is relative. If you are inside a boat with no windows and are floating on a calm sea, you cannot tell whether the boat is moving. Even if it is moving, you won’t detect this inside a d cabin of the boat, say, by seeing a dropped ball curve as it falls or by feeling a push on your... |
philosophy/54240_d761e06dd237373c_1470.txt | Zhu Xi d Confucius’s distrust for the ability of law alone to bring order in society and to cultivate the people. He recognized that government and law were necessary, but considered them insufficient to bring about social order; virtue and ritual were still important. Virtue, law, rites, and punishments should complem... |
philosophy/39773_14af04c3c5efa36c_9.txt | In social-dilemma situations (public-good games) people may pursue their local, egoistic interests and thereby lower the global, overall payoff of their group and, paradoxically, even their own resulting payoff. One may also speak of intra- individual dilemmas, where people pursue local goals at the expense of their ov... |
philosophy/2c06a39b_130277.txt | There is controversy in 20th and 21st century literature about whether Zeno developed any specific, new mathematical techniques. Most scholars say the conscious use of the method of indirect argumentation arose in both mathematics and Zeno's philosophy independently of each other. See Hintikka (1978) for a discussion o... |
philosophy/1295_9a2a910e1ed009f4_363.txt | Conversely, the working class, which struggles to restore its rights to the necessary great law of correspondence, is the vanguard of humanity. Because it is the revolutionary class, the working class forges living links between the past of societies and their future. The past, since it takes back and makes its own all... |
philosophy/913_0f883ef18bf33f12_6.txt | Each “plateau” is an orchestration of crashing bricks extracted from a variety of disciplinary edifices. They carry traces of their former emplacement, which give them a spin defining the arc of their vector. The vectors are meant to converge at a volatile juncture, but one that is sustained, as an open equilibrium of ... |
philosophy/54240_d761e06dd237373c_2194.txt | Kant identifies the idea of God with the idea of an *ens realissimum*, or “most real being.” This most real being is also considered by reason to be a *necessary* being, that is, something which exists necessarily instead of merely contingently. Reason is led to posit the idea of such a being when it reflects on its co... |
philosophy/21569_14b69040a782be3f_61.txt | In the review based on the literature search done for *The Handbook* (2001) (Koenig, 2001), Koenig et al. conclude that When people become physically ill, many rely heavily on religious beliefs and practices to relieve stress, retain a sense of control, and maintain hope and their sense of meaning and purpose in life.... |
philosophy/28898_e4cb5d93fe108dce_159.txt | So, would I deny that you had an extraordinary experience? No, you may have; or, rather, you thought you had an extraordinary experience. It is very unlikely, however, that you actually did. And if you feel it necessary to assure others that you did, in fact, experience such an event, their insistence on evidence is no... |
philosophy/68202_6f1f8436e0539f75_25.txt | China’s efforts to secure naval basing around the world have also led many in Washington to fear that China will soon threaten America’s longstanding primacy on the high seas. There are good strategic reasons for Washington to monitor China’s basing, but its significance for Beijing’s global military posture can often ... |
philosophy/89049_c08baa3cc4fe04ee_215.txt | THE SERIES WITHOUT A BEGINNING Neurath’s book Empirical Sociology was published as Volume 5, and Popper’s The Logic of Scientific Discovery as Volume 9, of the series called Writings on the Scientific Worldview. There was, however, no Volume 1—and this oddity was not due to absentmindedness. The missing volume was Frie... |
philosophy/120393_776d442e99316e8d_533.txt | We tackle the task of Term Set Expansion (TSE): given a small seed set of example terms from a semantic class, finding more members of that class. The task is of great practical utility, and also of theoretical utility as it requires generalization from few examples. Previous approaches to the TSE task can be character... |
philosophy/1190_af56a10808fed7e5_52.txt | 8 The discussion here focuses on the efficiency of the rule, rather than its distributional effects. The question of who actually pays for the cost of regulation is often extremely difficult to answer, and depends on empirical issues such as the existence of substitutes or complements for the product, and on the abili... |
philosophy/966_b4f84343d8064c49_276.txt | A different use of “responsibility” is as a synonym for “duty.” When we ask about a person’s responsibilities, we are concerned with what she ought to be doing or attending to. Sometimes we use the term to describe duties that everyone has – for example, “Everyone is responsible for looking after his own health.” More ... |
philosophy/45500_ef48c1f2402aaebb_5.txt | Wright’s work has drawn the attention of philosophers of mathematics to the *kind* of principles of which Basic Law V and Hume’s Principle are examples. These principles are called *abstraction principles*. At present, philosophers of mathematics attempt to construct general theories of abstraction principles that expl... |
philosophy/18326_74845111e5423cd6_357.txt | The Gateway lunar space station is a complex system of systems including thousands of requirements spanning various aspects of hardware, software, and operational functionalities. Gateway development leverages contributors from several organizations throughout the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), e... |
philosophy/1190_c0b3a683de3beb91_43.txt | I personally think that the person that has come st to defining what consciousness is, is Douglas Hoffstader. Hoffstader (and I’m not going to do this justice, but I’ll take my best stab at it) suggests that a core characteristic of consciousness is the ability of the system to reflect on it’s own reflections. I.e. the... |
philosophy/21569_14b69040a782be3f_404.txt | 4. We might say that the S&R dialogue is about finding out that *science and religion, deep down, “say the same thing.”* Do not confuse this idea with my call for synthesis. Some would argue that the S&R dialogue will lead to a practical, *concrete* *and objective* synthesis, a syncretism not only among religions bu... |
philosophy/2adca3ba_1686.txt | Even as China touts deepening trade and investment ties as part of a win-win narrative, it also uses coercive economic tactics to punish or pressure governments and companies perceived to be attacking its policies or undermining national sovereignty. In imposing sanctions on countries, Beijing has largely targeted symb... |
philosophy/129381_913b6723cde33442_111.txt | All this being said, it is clear that for Williamson logic does not deviate from the standard process of theory formation and evaluation. Furthermore, experience is essential both for enabling beliefs in logical propositions and serving as evidence for/against them, in such a manner that neither aspect can be made null... |
philosophy/0a34fac8_131236.txt | First, the embedded clause, which could stand as a sentence in its own right it has a tense feature in the T-head position. The complement to the T-head is, as always, a VP. In this clause, the verb is intransitive so it has no complements, and the entire phrase is made up of the word win. This clause has a subject, ... |
philosophy/45500_b96fe5645215338b_85.txt | terms of omnipotent actualization: omnipotence has only a metaphysical signification, which corresponds to God’s knowledge of eternal possibles, which are independent of him; omnipotence thus limits divine power, since it conforms itself to possibility in the metaphysical sense, to noncontradiction as represented by co... |
philosophy/90841_7142b40e7d4683e2_435.txt | Finally, let me stress that I am not simply claiming that the use of military robots makes it *easier* for states to engage in armed combat. That fact is probably true but has been argued elsewhere (Sharkey 2012). The fact that something is easy is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for its being cheap. It ... |
philosophy/2719_06a498aa9fbc439a_368.txt | capitalism, 295, 297, 298; Charles Baudelaire on, 122, 123, 126; Dostoevsky on, 121, 122, 126; Marx on, 126; political freedoms and, 252; political liberty and, 126, 296, 299; post-Soviet state, 249, 252. See also free market capitalist exploitation, 126; democratic freedoms and, 121 catharsis, 53–54, 57, 65, 274–75; ... |
philosophy/18326_b8c5228830c44d50_60.txt | I’m saying that calling the equation a wave is what is being added by MWI. Copenhagen says it’s not a wave; the equation is a way of describing probabilities in a way that has nothing to do with waves. So what is being added in the MWI is all this stuff about waves superimposing and canceling and traveling and of cours... |
philosophy/4074b22c_8884.txt | Machine learning and machine reasoning are domains within the larger field of AI and computer sciences that are still growing and evolving rapidly. AI studies how one can develop a machine that can learn from observations and what fundamental laws guide this process. There is consensus about the nature of machine learn... |
philosophy/55572_74c3646bc67c16e3_351.txt | After the review of the evidence for psi in these past two chapters, the reader undoubtedly finds himself or herself in the position of a spectator in a 125 year long prize fight. The skeptics have delivered a few good blows, perhaps even a few knockdowns. They are likely ahead on points. Both sides are glassy-eyed.... |
philosophy/18326_b745cf4a986576b6_124.txt | The strange quark is the lightest sea quark in the proton after the up and down quarks, and its production at the LHC is crucial for the understanding of proton internal structure and fragmentation processes. In this work, strange particles are reconstructed using minimum-bias data from $pp$ collisions at 13 TeV taken ... |
philosophy/117761_d07e56fb59d769c4_33.txt | > *Imagine if you could go hire a hitman, saying, “Okay, these are my personal standards for how I conduct my profession. If I ever violate them, drop me.” Then you got yourself hired in a professional capacity and told your boss, “Ha ha! You can’t suborn me to do something naughty, because I’ve taken myself hostage! K... |
philosophy/18326_f90bd33a6fa6a3e1_151.txt | In the same way, the wave functions interact with us. (by their “fossils” I was speaking about earlier) The measurement of a qbit could create a independence between two part of the wave function of the system composed of the measurement device, the observer, and the qbit. Now we can consider the part ending-up indepen... |
philosophy/99264_335234750eccd8e2_245.txt | destroyer quinovic sulphur-tipped Peretz twice-shown supersweetly Hesperornithiformes Filberte spinous-foliaged questers Araneiformia acaciin cruppering bromite neurologically Pattie vainful Bernadotte audiometer single-leaded superabundancy necessitating digamist ichthyography lilaceous cornuto inlets chicken-liveredn... |
philosophy/966_b4f84343d8064c49_329.txt | Nicholas Rescher was born on July 15, 1928, in the German town of Hagen, Westphalia. He is one of the many contemporary American philosophers whose life began in a foreign country, and who then pursued a successful career in the United States. Rescher obtained his Ph.D. in Philosophy from Princeton University in 1951 a... |
philosophy/913_61839788c48a70f1_1036.txt | Having made the various distinctions between the matter and the form of expression in genius’ work, or again between the object and its presentation, Kant applies these to a brief if eccentric comparative study of the varieties of fine art (sect.51-53). According to the manner of presentation, he divides all fine arts ... |
philosophy/55572_6e4a2c8857c96e63_345.txt | “Cynic,” from the Greek kunikos, meant “dog-like.” We cannot be sure whether the Dogs thought of themselves as doglike, or whether they were termed as such by non-Cynics, or both. The first of the Dogs, Antisthenes (c.445-366 B.C.E.), was supposedly with Socrates, and was present at his death, according to Plato’s *Ph... |
philosophy/120393_776d442e99316e8d_610.txt | This work treats the paradigm discovery problem (PDP), the task of learning an inflectional morphological system from unannotated sentences. We formalize the PDP and develop evaluation metrics for judging systems. Using currently available resources, we construct datasets for the task. We also devise a heuristic benchm... |
philosophy/21569_1cdbf1f6d05d5c31_203.txt | “Selected Writings on Religion” by Albert Einstein is a compilation of quotes by Einstein from various sources on God and the nature of the universe. According to Hitchens, Einstein’s opinion on religion was often asked for since his intelligence in and of itself was considered “almost godlike” (155). In his writings, ... |
philosophy/123214_e563f30f5dbc8d15_385.txt | v Functional forms, which are constituted by underlying states; e.g. the nutritive capacity of a living animal body, or the capacity to remember scents or beliefs. vi Perceptible forms of substances, which affect the ‘mean’ of our perceptual organs ‘without matter’;11 e.g. the coldness we perceive of an ice cube. vii I... |
philosophy/8bb68535_132470.txt | What we grasp when we understand a predicate is its sense. Here semantic value is simply Dummett s word for the intuitionistic counterpart of reference. Dummett concludes from this that there is no room for a sense-reference distinction for predicates, for the semantic value of the predicate and what we grasp when w... |
philosophy/28898_5e6697e087124675_36.txt | Other commentators adopt a dual-aspect approach to death—that is, “death” and “demise” are understood as naming two aspects of one and the same complete phenomenon. For instance, Mulhall interprets “demise” as naming Dasein’s “biological or organic end” (Mulhall 2013: 124). “Death” is that same end, but viewed in its m... |
philosophy/28898_d50ede40709632e8_92.txt | To make an inventory or criticism of our civilization—what does that mean? To try to expose in precise terms the trap which has made man the slave of his own inventions. How has unconsciousness infiltrated itself into methodical thought and action? To escape by a return to the primitive state is a lazy solution. We hav... |
philosophy/42896_1674445212eb00ca_196.txt | Kant's major work undertakes what he terms a "Copernican revolution" in philosophy. Whereas traditionally philosophy had begun with particular objects of experience, Kant's transcendental method begins with experience in general and tries to uncover the "transcendental preconditions" that make such experience possible.... |
philosophy/42896_61a41f4c9529f3f6_164.txt | I was translating this provocative recent post *Un-Mindful Collusion* and I paused at this already twice repeated sentence, where you proclaim, that Batchelor do not bother “to mention our humanly constructed social formations as a source of suffering that we CAN ACTUALLY CHANGE!!” I need to know what are the fuller im... |
philosophy/54240_d761e06dd237373c_2382.txt | When he returned to Kenya in 1970, Oruka became one of the first two African philosophy faculty members at University of Nairobi. At that time, many departments at the University of Nairobi (UON) were questioning the Eurocentric curriculum that was their colonial heritage. Ngugi wa Thiong’o, Okot p’Bitek, and Taban Lo ... |
philosophy/28898_a7908f39f9ede1f5_293.txt | > *Apart from the lonely process of writing a first draft, I could do nothing on my own. Facts were gathered from interviews and sources; analysis was ed with experts; every sentence was edited, copy-edited, and often fact-ed; tipsters suggested story ideas, sources waved me off bad leads, and challenges to my claims p... |
philosophy/609d86b7_132864.txt | The standard method for proving conditional sentences (sentences of the form if A , then B ) is called conditional proof . In this method, in order to prove if A , then B , first A is assumed and then with that assumption B is shown to be true. |
philosophy/18326_f467e2efefddb294_580.txt | Recently, role-playing agents have emerged as a promising paradigm for achieving personalized interaction and emotional resonance. Existing research primarily focuses on the textual modality, neglecting the critical dimension of speech in realistic interactive scenarios. In particular, there is a lack of systematic eva... |
philosophy/a58a7d27_134019.txt | The anti-Pythagorean attacks in c. 508 BC were headed by Cylon of Croton . 15 16 Pythagoras escaped to Metapontium. After these initial attacks and the death of Pythagoras, Pythagorean communities in Croton and elsewhere continued to flourish. At around 450 BC attacks on Pythagorean communities were carried out... |
philosophy/30946_a5202b79a6f74deb_202.txt | Such a question is pursued further by Franz Rosenzweig, a German Jewish philosopher who is contemporary of Martin Heidegger. Rosenzweig’s first scholarly work was his doctoral thesis on Hegel called *Hegel* *and* *the* *State*. In the wake of his horror of the First World War, Rosenzweig soon abandoned Hegelianism; his... |
philosophy/87084_a26ebb36dbaee589_827.txt | Now, the Vast that goes beyond our everyday distinctions also thereby appears to be useless. A soaring imagination may be wild and wonderful, but it is extremely impractical and often altogether useless. Indeed, Huizi, Zhuangzi’s friend and philosophical foil, chides him for this very reason. But Zhuangzi expresses dis... |
philosophy/55572_5bbeef0e0f0394a1_279.txt | Consequently, in contrast to Descartes and her Cambridge fellows, Conway recognizes only one substance, thought and extension being merely modes. These modes are distinguished only through rarefaction and condensation or lightness and thickens or grossness. And indeed every Body is a Spirit, and nothing else, neither d... |
philosophy/55572_a22630401e32fc1e_39.txt | Aristotle’s material science offers the first of what are now called non-Newtonian fluids—honey and must—which he characterizes as liquids in which earth and heat predominate (*Meteor.*385b1–5). Although the Ancient Greeks did not distill alcohol, he reports on the accidental distillation of some ethanol from wine (“s... |
philosophy/39773_428e75188ad01426_621.txt | Fine-tuning large-scale pre-trained models is inherently a resource-intensive task. While it can enhance the capabilities of the model, it also incurs substantial computational costs, posing challenges to the practical application of downstream tasks. Existing parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods such as Low-... |
philosophy/51563_cf8a8fa782586f50_247.txt | they did. Also, if Morgana had cast her spell without either her soul-selling or Merlin’s spell (even if Merlin had sold his soul), then again the prince wouldn’t have turned into a frog. I’m not saying this changes the outcome. I haven’t really thought it through, but I suppose that if the laws of magic say you have t... |
philosophy/90841_7142b40e7d4683e2_594.txt | Another problem is that the very nature of the technoindustrial system is such that decisions have to be made that affect millions of people, with little real input on their behalf. Even in a future society in which open-source programming, open standards, and the like are common, decisions will need to be made about w... |
philosophy/55572_5bbeef0e0f0394a1_104.txt | that we perceive the world with the distinction between καθ’ ὅλας φύσεις and their properties and accidents. Without this natural proleptic connection, the criterion of recognition, the totality of things would not appear primarily as of bodies and place and their properties and accidents. For example, if I have seen m... |
philosophy/31407_7cbd601acb3bfda9_182.txt | Social media is revolutionizing what we buy, who our friends are, where we work, how we game, why we vote for certain candidates, and so much more. For the first time in history, anyone with an internet connection can speak and be heard across the globe in seconds, by audiences of one to one million. What's more, the ... |
philosophy/55572_6e4a2c8857c96e63_318.txt | When a being is in actuality, it has fulfilled its end, its telos. All beings by nature are telic beings. The end or telos of an acorn is to become an oak tree. The acorn’s potentiality is an inner striving towards its fulfillment as an oak tree. If it reaches this fulfillment it is in actuality, or entelecheia, which ... |
philosophy/06249ccd_137601.txt | Interpretation function of models Model atomic equivalence finite prime saturated spectrum submodel Non-standard model of non-standard arithmetic Diagram elementary Categorical theory Model complete theory Satisfiability Semantics of logic Strength Theories of truth semantic Tarski's Kripke's T-schema Transfer principl... |
philosophy/39773_ec19104f60f6d5dd_5.txt | (Optional) More AboutLogic Ideally, we can come up with a “perfect” logical system, which is consistent (not having contradictions) and is powerful (can derive everything that is true). But Gödel proved that there is no perfect logical system. This is called the Gödel’s incompleteness theorem. It is an important and su... |
philosophy/31407_91eebbbe9b409a88_18.txt | My thoughts on this subject is that.in one way this guy is right,because there is many schools that teach martial arts,but do not teach any kind of street fighting,ground fighting,or full contact fighting,I spent 20 plus years taking and teaching martial arts,and realized that if someone took me to the ground a was don... |
philosophy/68202_4ed7b8a81f192a72_349.txt | This course will introduce the student to the basic materials of Russian folklore. Students will read the primary materials in English translation. No knowledge of Russian is required for this course. Overall, this course addresses the ability to deal with questions of values, ethics and aesthetics as they are represen... |
philosophy/21569_7ee0175e809ab277_260.txt | Notably, Dobzhansky said in 1955 that nobody had seen that the earth is a sphere, or caught a glimpse of atoms. The 1957 success of the Soviet satellite Sputnik provided the first direct “proof” that all the previous inferences about the earth’s shape were true. Today most everyone has seen photos of the spherical eart... |
philosophy/69627_fb1913e57a6ebe37_918.txt | 22 Aug 1997 Dear Critic, I found your page after I searched "pyramid scam" in Yahoo. I read the whole thing. Thank you for writing all that. I didn't know the file Winca$h was a pyramid scam, or what a pyramid scam was. I ed the file from the millionth page I saw it posted on. None of the other links worked--I didn't k... |
philosophy/6ecdcae1_2743.txt | We consider the problem of low probability estimation: given a machine learning model and a formally-specified input distribution, how can we estimate the probability of a binary property of the model's output, even when that probability is too small to estimate by random sampling? This problem is motivated by the need... |
philosophy/20983603_137478.txt | It is now hopefully clear for a naturalist scientific realist that mathematical realism offers a better option for her than causal nominalism; while the latter just doesn t square with her naturalism, the former integrates into the whole picture quite well. So, by now, both the advantages of mathematical realism, as we... |
philosophy/0d38dd72_3496.txt | Truthmaker theorists often express their core commitment by saying that truth is grounded in being, and grounding theorists often take truthmaking to be a paradigm case of grounding. But I will argue that truthmaking is not a case of grounding. What is crucial for understanding truthmaking is not grounding but rather m... |
philosophy/18326_0678c516274774e4_86.txt | Yeah, we can define a set as an object in its own right in the same way that I can call an “apple” a set of “apple atoms” with all sorts of various properties to them. We can even define the universe as a vast set of information. That is, after all, how we even know about the universe to begin with. It exists and has p... |
philosophy/104583_072fc920dee86032_315.txt | been fiddling with the notation, despite the fact that we're still using 0s and 1s. But if in addition to interchanging the names of the values x y x y x we also interchange the names of the two binary operations, now there is no trace of what we have done. The ¬x x⋀y x⋁y end product is completely indistinguishable from... |
philosophy/18326_0678c516274774e4_769.txt | “Syndiffeonic relations can be regarded as elements of more complex infocognitive lattices with spatial and temporal (ordinal, stratificative) dimensions. Interpreted according to CTMU duality principles, infocognitive lattices comprise logical relationships of state and syntax. Regressing up one of these lattices by u... |
philosophy/21569_8bc96121d26dfe15_133.txt | **Participation in structured channels** . The literature of science, primarily journals, constitutes the most important structured channel of communication within science; roughly two-thirds of the scientists studied by several investigators cited the journals as the most important single channel through which they le... |
philosophy/18326_74845111e5423cd6_271.txt | Mission planning and simulation software architecture should ideally provide an open, scalable solution for a wide range of aerospace systems and allow for analysis and design optimization. Existing open-source mission planning and simulation tools such as GMAT (General Mission Analysis Tool), Nyx-space, Godot, ODtbx, ... |
philosophy/31407_afe674fc08659616_38.txt | The US signed several statements in 2021 confirming that NATO would enlarge. Russia massed troops on its border and put on the table a draft US-Russia security agreement on December 17th, 2021 based on no NATO enlargement. The Biden administration formally replied that it was not willing to negotiate over that issue in... |
philosophy/21569_6af5d76cc1cfc1fe_170.txt | Psychology may be simultaneously at the highest and lowest point in its history. Right now its niftiest findings are routinely simplified and repackaged for a mass audience; if you wish to publish a best seller sans bloodsucking or light bondage, you would be well advised to match a few dozen psychological papers with ... |
philosophy/45500_a5801def072ec91c_2486.txt | This necessary existence of God entails the necessity by which every individual thing is determined. This is because Spinoza is committed to substance monism, or the position that there is only one substance. This is markedly different from his rationalist predecessor, Descartes, who, though also arguing that only God ... |
philosophy/03835a70_3712.txt | When one physical thing interacts with another a change in "state" occurs. For instance, when a beam of white light, composed of a full spectrum of colours is reflected from a blue surface all colours except blue are absorbed and the light changes from white to blue. When this blue light interacts with an eye it causes... |
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MM-BRIGHT text-and-image queries retrieving reasoning-intensive technical passages in the Philosophy domain.
| Task category | Any2AnyRetrieval (image+text-to-text) |
| Domains | Academic, Web, Medical, Legal, Religious |
| Reference | {MM-BRIGHT |
Source datasets:
How to evaluate on this task
You can evaluate an embedding model on this dataset using the following code:
import mteb
task = mteb.get_task("MMBrightPhilosophyIT2TRetrieval")
model = mteb.get_model(YOUR_MODEL)
mteb.evaluate(model, task)
To learn more about how to run models on mteb task check out the GitHub repository.
Citation
If you use this dataset, please cite the dataset as well as mteb, as this dataset likely includes additional processing as a part of the MMTEB Contribution.
@article{abdallah2026mmbright,
archiveprefix = {arXiv},
author = {Abdelrahman Abdallah and Mohamed Darwish Mounis and Mahmoud Abdalla and Mahmoud SalahEldin Kasem and Mostafa Farouk Senussi and Mohamed Mahmoud and Mohammed Ali and Adam Jatowt and Hyun-Soo Kang},
eprint = {2601.09562},
primaryclass = {cs.IR},
title = {{MM-BRIGHT}: A Multi-Task Multimodal Benchmark for Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.09562},
year = {2026},
}
@article{enevoldsen2025mmtebmassivemultilingualtext,
title={MMTEB: Massive Multilingual Text Embedding Benchmark},
author={Kenneth Enevoldsen and Isaac Chung and Imene Kerboua and Márton Kardos and Ashwin Mathur and David Stap and Jay Gala and Wissam Siblini and Dominik Krzemiński and Genta Indra Winata and Saba Sturua and Saiteja Utpala and Mathieu Ciancone and Marion Schaeffer and Gabriel Sequeira and Diganta Misra and Shreeya Dhakal and Jonathan Rystrøm and Roman Solomatin and Ömer Çağatan and Akash Kundu and Martin Bernstorff and Shitao Xiao and Akshita Sukhlecha and Bhavish Pahwa and Rafał Poświata and Kranthi Kiran GV and Shawon Ashraf and Daniel Auras and Björn Plüster and Jan Philipp Harries and Loïc Magne and Isabelle Mohr and Mariya Hendriksen and Dawei Zhu and Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef and Tom Aarsen and Jan Kostkan and Konrad Wojtasik and Taemin Lee and Marek Šuppa and Crystina Zhang and Roberta Rocca and Mohammed Hamdy and Andrianos Michail and John Yang and Manuel Faysse and Aleksei Vatolin and Nandan Thakur and Manan Dey and Dipam Vasani and Pranjal Chitale and Simone Tedeschi and Nguyen Tai and Artem Snegirev and Michael Günther and Mengzhou Xia and Weijia Shi and Xing Han Lù and Jordan Clive and Gayatri Krishnakumar and Anna Maksimova and Silvan Wehrli and Maria Tikhonova and Henil Panchal and Aleksandr Abramov and Malte Ostendorff and Zheng Liu and Simon Clematide and Lester James Miranda and Alena Fenogenova and Guangyu Song and Ruqiya Bin Safi and Wen-Ding Li and Alessia Borghini and Federico Cassano and Hongjin Su and Jimmy Lin and Howard Yen and Lasse Hansen and Sara Hooker and Chenghao Xiao and Vaibhav Adlakha and Orion Weller and Siva Reddy and Niklas Muennighoff},
publisher = {arXiv},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.13595},
year={2025},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13595},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2502.13595},
}
@article{muennighoff2022mteb,
author = {Muennighoff, Niklas and Tazi, Nouamane and Magne, Loïc and Reimers, Nils},
title = {MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark},
publisher = {arXiv},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.07316},
year = {2022}
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07316},
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2210.07316},
}
Dataset Statistics
Dataset Statistics
The following code contains the descriptive statistics from the task. These can also be obtained using:
import mteb
task = mteb.get_task("MMBrightPhilosophyIT2TRetrieval")
desc_stats = task.metadata.descriptive_stats
{
"test": {
"num_samples": 137898,
"num_queries": 38,
"num_documents": 137860,
"number_of_characters": 302945263,
"documents_text_statistics": {
"total_text_length": 302876216,
"min_text_length": 51,
"average_text_length": 2196.984012766575,
"max_text_length": 2554995,
"unique_texts": 117181
},
"documents_image_statistics": null,
"documents_audio_statistics": null,
"documents_video_statistics": null,
"queries_text_statistics": {
"total_text_length": 69047,
"min_text_length": 337,
"average_text_length": 1817.0263157894738,
"max_text_length": 7953,
"unique_texts": 38
},
"queries_image_statistics": {
"min_image_width": 231,
"average_image_width": 844.1578947368421,
"max_image_width": 4320,
"min_image_height": 62,
"average_image_height": 664.7105263157895,
"max_image_height": 4913,
"unique_images": 38
},
"queries_audio_statistics": null,
"queries_video_statistics": null,
"relevant_docs_statistics": {
"num_relevant_docs": 107,
"min_relevant_docs_per_query": 1,
"average_relevant_docs_per_query": 2.8157894736842106,
"max_relevant_docs_per_query": 5,
"unique_relevant_docs": 107,
"num_missing_query_ids": 0,
"num_missing_corpus_ids": 0
},
"top_ranked_statistics": {
"num_top_ranked": 5231440,
"min_top_ranked_per_query": 137211,
"average_top_ranked_per_query": 137669.47368421053,
"max_top_ranked_per_query": 137860
}
}
}
This dataset card was automatically generated using MTEB
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